Tropical viticulture

​There has recently been much interest in tropical viticulture and grape growing in tropical regions has been performed commercially since over 50 years. There are numerous grape growing regions between the tropic of Capricorn and the tropic of Cancer, intertropical zone. Among them Colombia, Brazil, Uganda, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, India, Thailand etc.
In tropical regions, the most part of vineyards is for table grape production, but there are also increasing vineyard areas for growing of quality wine grapes. 
​Traditional wine growing areas are located in temperate climate zones and allow to produce grapes only once per year. Tropical wines have been elaborated in India, Thailand, Venezuela and Brazil. For example, northeast region of Brazil makes wine production and grapevines of this region can produce two or three crops per year depending on cycle of different grape varieties.
​General adaptation problems of the traditional Vitis vinifera varieties (in terms of bud dormancy, apical dominance, low fertility, susceptibility to fungal diseases) and of the Vitis labrusca varieties (in terms of dormancy, lack of vigor) restrict the production to a decreased number of varieties. 
​In the tropic and subtropic climates, variations in rainfall, temperature and altitude lead to massive environmental diversity. In wet humid tropics, grapevines are evergreen, grow continuously and it is possible to have one cropping cycle per year with controlled pruning. On the other hand, grapevines have usually two cycles per year or three cycles per two year in the dry tropics and subtropical regions (Possingham, 2004).
​In tropical regions, grapevine behavior is also different from temperate climate and by means of proper irrigation and pruning management, it can be obtained two crops per a year and harvest in this regions. Tropical viticulture permits grape growers to grape harvest in seasons of higher prices and tropic regions leads to high economic profitability in grape growing.

Documentation and publications on tropical viticulture

areviewongrapegrowingintropicalregions.pdf
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In spite of the fact that grape growing is traditionally carried out in countries with a temperate climate; there has been recently an increase in grape growing under the conditions of tropical climate. Tropical climate belt in is broadly spaced in the world and their climatic characteristics differ from temperate climate. Among the crops grown in tropical climate belt, grape and grape products have important roles for exports of countries located in tropical climate regions. Nowadays, some progress has been obtained to understand tropical ecosystems and how to manage them a view to producing needed quantity and quality of products. In tropical regions, grapevine behavior is also different from temperate climate and by means of proper irrigation and pruning management, it can be obtained two crops per a year and harvest in this regions. Tropical viticulture permits grape growers to grape harvest in seasons of higher prices and tropic regions leads to high economic profitability in grape growing.
uni_hohenheim_-_tropic_viticulture.pdf
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A. Climate
   1. Partitioning of rain
   2. Temperature, Radiation, Daylength, Wind
B. Annual rhythm of growth and development
   1. Moderately humid climate
   2. Subtropical, tropical climate
       - Vegetative growth
       - Annual rhythm with 2 yields per year (Tropics)
       - Annual rhythm with 1 yield per year (Tropics)
C. Irrigation
    1. Evapotranspiration (ET)
    2. Evaluation of the necessity to irrigate
    3. Time of irrigation
    4. Types of irrigation
    5. Irrigation and salinity
2562-9764-1-pb_-_rootstock_influence_on_tropical_syrah.pdf
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Wine making

After fermentation you have to keep the barrels full. Air, especially oxygen, destroys your wine. It is best to replace the water seal with a fixed cap and top up the barrel by putting water-filled plastic bottles in so that the level rises.
PUM-missie Tanzania
Information for winegrowers in Uganda
Qualification PUM-expert Geurt van Rennes
​How to Propagate Grape Vines from Hardwood Cuttings Successfully
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Lwy-dAQ9j4